十分钟搞定pandas(持续更新中)
本文是对pandas官方网站上《10 Minutes to pandas》的一个简单的翻译,原文在这里。这篇文章是对pandas的一个简单的介绍,详细的介绍请参考:Cookbook 。习惯上,我们会按下面格式引入所需要的包:
In [1]: import pandas as pdIn [2]: import numpy as npIn [3]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
一、 创建对象
可以通过 Data Structure Intro Setion 来查看有关该节内容的详细信息。
1、可以通过传递一个list对象来创建一个Series,pandas会默认创建整型索引:
In [4]: s = pd.Series([1,3,5,np.nan,6,8])In [5]: sOut[5]: 0 1.0 1 3.0 2 5.0 3 NaN 4 6.0 5 8.0 dtype: float64
2、通过传递一个numpy array,时间索引以及列标签来创建一个DataFrame:
In [6]: dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)In [7]: datesOut[7]: DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04', '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')In [8]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6,4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))In [9]: dfOut[9]: A B C D 2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632 2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236 2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804 2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860 2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401 2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 0.524988
3、通过传递一个能够被转换成类似序列结构的字典对象来创建一个DataFrame:
In [10]: df2 = pd.DataFrame({ 'A' : [1.], ....: 'B' : pd.Timestamp('20130102'), ....: 'C' : pd.Series(1,index=list(range(4)),dtype='float32'), ....: 'D' : np.array([3] * 4,dtype='int32'), ....: 'E' : pd.Categorical(["test","train","test","train"]), ....: 'F' : 'foo' }) ....: In [11]: df2 Out[11]: A B C D E F 0 1.0 2013-01-02 1.0 3 test foo 1 1.0 2013-01-02 1.0 3 train foo 2 1.0 2013-01-02 1.0 3 test foo 3 1.0 2013-01-02 1.0 3 train foo
4、查看不同列的数据类型:
In [12]: df2.dtypesOut[12]: A float64B datetime64[ns]C float32D int32E categoryF objectdtype: object
5、如果你使用的是IPython,使用Tab自动补全功能会自动识别所有的属性以及自定义的列,下图中是所有能够被自动识别的属性的一个子集:
In [13]: df2.df2.A df2.booldf2.abs df2.boxplotdf2.add df2.Cdf2.add_prefix df2.clipdf2.add_suffix df2.clip_lowerdf2.align df2.clip_upperdf2.all df2.columnsdf2.any df2.combinedf2.append df2.combine_firstdf2.apply df2.compounddf2.applymap df2.consolidatedf2.D
二、 查看数据
详情请参阅:Basics Section
1、 查看frame中头部和尾部的数据(默认5行):
In [14]: df.head()Out[14]: A B C D2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.1356322013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.0442362013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.0718042013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.2718602013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401In [15]: df.tail(3)Out[15]: A B C D2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.2718602013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.0874012013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 0.524988
2、 显示索引、列和底层的numpy数据:
In [16]: df.indexOut[16]: DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04', '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')In [17]: df.columnsOut[17]: Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'], dtype='object')In [18]: df.valuesOut[18]: array([[ 0.4691, -0.2829, -1.5091, -1.1356], [ 1.2121, -0.1732, 0.1192, -1.0442], [-0.8618, -2.1046, -0.4949, 1.0718], [ 0.7216, -0.7068, -1.0396, 0.2719], [-0.425 , 0.567 , 0.2762, -1.0874], [-0.6737, 0.1136, -1.4784, 0.525 ]])
3、 describe()函数对于数据的快速统计汇总:
In [19]: df.describe()Out[19]: A B C D count 6.000000 6.000000 6.000000 6.000000 mean 0.073711 -0.431125 -0.687758 -0.233103 std 0.843157 0.922818 0.779887 0.973118 min -0.861849 -2.104569 -1.509059 -1.135632 25% -0.611510 -0.600794 -1.368714 -1.076610 50% 0.022070 -0.228039 -0.767252 -0.386188 75% 0.658444 0.041933 -0.034326 0.461706 max 1.212112 0.567020 0.276232 1.071804
4、 对数据的转置:
In [20]: df.TOut[20]: 2013-01-01 2013-01-02 2013-01-03 2013-01-04 2013-01-05 2013-01-06A 0.469112 1.212112 -0.861849 0.721555 -0.424972 -0.673690B -0.282863 -0.173215 -2.104569 -0.706771 0.567020 0.113648C -1.509059 0.119209 -0.494929 -1.039575 0.276232 -1.478427D -1.135632 -1.044236 1.071804 0.271860 -1.087401 0.524988
5、 按轴进行排序
axis = 0
代表的是行,也就是index。axis = 1
代表的是列,也就是columns。axis = 1,指的是沿着行进行运算,代表了横轴,那axis = 0,就是沿着列进行运算,代表了纵轴。
In [21]: df.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False)Out[21]: D C B A2013-01-01 -1.135632 -1.509059 -0.282863 0.4691122013-01-02 -1.044236 0.119209 -0.173215 1.2121122013-01-03 1.071804 -0.494929 -2.104569 -0.8618492013-01-04 0.271860 -1.039575 -0.706771 0.7215552013-01-05 -1.087401 0.276232 0.567020 -0.4249722013-01-06 0.524988 -1.478427 0.113648 -0.673690
6、 按值进行排序
In [22]: df.sort_values(by='B')Out[22]: A B C D2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.0718042013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.2718602013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.1356322013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.0442362013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 0.5249882013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401
三、 选择
虽然标准的Python/Numpy的选择和设置表达式都能够直接派上用场,但是作为工程使用的代码,我们推荐使用经过优化的pandas数据访问方式: .at, .iat, .loc, .iloc 和 .ix详情请参阅Indexing and Selecing Data 和 MultiIndex / Advanced Indexing。
很常用的但是原文中没说的一个查询:通过行号和列名定位单元格,比如取出第三行的pname字段的值,我的办法:
df.iloc[2].pname,如果你明确知道行索引可以用loc:df.loc[index].pname;最后是万能式:df.ix[2][pname]或df.ix[index][2],索引与列,均可为序号或名称
(一)获取
1、 选择一个单独的列,这将会返回一个Series,等同于df.A:
In [23]: df['A']Out[23]: 2013-01-01 0.469112 2013-01-02 1.212112 2013-01-03 -0.861849 2013-01-04 0.721555 2013-01-05 -0.424972 2013-01-06 -0.673690 Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: float64
2、 通过[]进行选择,这将会对行进行切片
In [24]: df[0:3]Out[24]: A B C D2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.1356322013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.0442362013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804In [25]: df['20130102':'20130104']Out[25]: A B C D2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.0442362013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.0718042013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860
(二) 通过标签选择
更多阅读查看 Selection by Label
1、 使用标签来获取一个交叉的区域
In [26]: df.loc[dates[0]]Out[26]: A 0.469112B -0.282863C -1.509059D -1.135632Name: 2013-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64
2、 通过标签来在多个轴上进行选择
In [27]: df.loc[:,['A','B']]Out[27]: A B2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.2828632013-01-02 1.212112 -0.1732152013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.1045692013-01-04 0.721555 -0.7067712013-01-05 -0.424972 0.5670202013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648
3、 标签切片
In [28]: df.loc['20130102':'20130104',['A','B']]Out[28]: A B2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.1732152013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.1045692013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771
4、对于返回的对象进行维度缩减
In [29]: df.loc['20130102',['A','B']]Out[29]: A 1.212112 B -0.173215 Name: 2013-01-02 00:00:00, dtype: float64
5、 获取一个标量
In [30]: df.loc[dates[0],'A']Out[30]: 0.46911229990718628
6、 快速访问一个标量(与上一个方法等价)
In [31]: df.at[dates[0],'A']Out[31]: 0.46911229990718628
(三)通过位置选择
1、 使用iloc通过传递数值(行号,不能是标签)进行位置选择(选择的是行)
In [32]: df.iloc[3]Out[32]: A 0.721555 B -0.706771 C -1.039575 D 0.271860 Name: 2013-01-04 00:00:00, dtype: float64
2、 通过数值进行切片,与numpy/python中的情况类似
In [33]: df.iloc[3:5,0:2]Out[33]: A B2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.7067712013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020
3、 通过指定一个位置的列表,与numpy/python中的情况类似
In [34]: df.iloc[[1,2,4],[0,2]]Out[34]: A C2013-01-02 1.212112 0.1192092013-01-03 -0.861849 -0.4949292013-01-05 -0.424972 0.276232
4、 对行进行切片
In [35]: df.iloc[1:3,:]Out[35]: A B C D2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.0442362013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804
5、 对列进行切片
In [36]: df.iloc[:,1:3]Out[36]: B C2013-01-01 -0.282863 -1.5090592013-01-02 -0.173215 0.1192092013-01-03 -2.104569 -0.4949292013-01-04 -0.706771 -1.0395752013-01-05 0.567020 0.2762322013-01-06 0.113648 -1.478427
6、 获取特定的值
In [37]: df.iloc[1,1]Out[37]: -0.17321464905330858
7、快速访问一个标量(等同于前面的方法)
In [38]: df.iat[1,1]Out[38]: -0.17321464905330858
(四)布尔索引
1、 使用一个单独列的值来选择数据:
In [39]: df[df.A > 0]Out[39]: A B C D 2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632 2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236 2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860
2、(获取所有DataFrame中满足条件的数据:
In [40]: df[df > 0]Out[40]: A B C D2013-01-01 0.469112 NaN NaN NaN2013-01-02 1.212112 NaN 0.119209 NaN2013-01-03 NaN NaN NaN 1.0718042013-01-04 0.721555 NaN NaN 0.2718602013-01-05 NaN 0.567020 0.276232 NaN2013-01-06 NaN 0.113648 NaN 0.524988
3、 使用isin()方法来过滤:
在索引index中搜索,这是最基本的查询了:
比如查询数据中是否有'2013-01-01' 这天的数据:
if len(df.query('index == "{0}"'.format('2013-01-01')) )>0:
In [41]: df2 = df.copy()In [42]: df2['E'] = ['one', 'one','two','three','four','three']In [43]: df2Out[43]: A B C D E2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632 one2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236 one2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804 two2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860 three2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401 four2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 0.524988 threeIn [44]: df2[df2['E'].isin(['two','four'])]Out[44]: A B C D E2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804 two2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401 four
(五)设置
按条件修改列值:
list(df['colName'].apply(lambda x:1 if x>np.mean(df(traindf['colName'])) else 0))#大于该列平均值则为1
1、 设置一个新的列:
In [45]: s1 = pd.Series([1,2,3,4,5,6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))In [46]: s1Out[46]: 2013-01-02 12013-01-03 22013-01-04 32013-01-05 42013-01-06 52013-01-07 6Freq: D, dtype: int64In [47]: df['F'] = s1
2、 通过标签设置新的值:
In [48]: df.at[dates[0],'A'] = 0
3、 通过位置设置新的值:
In [49]: df.iat[0,1] = 0
4、 通过一个numpy数组设置一组新值:
In [50]: df.loc[:,'D'] = np.array([5] * len(df))
5、上述操作结果如下:
In [51]: dfOut[51]: A B C D F2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 5 NaN2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 5 1.02013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 5 2.02013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 5 3.02013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 5 4.02013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 5 5.0
6、通过where操作来设置新的值:
In [52]: df2 = df.copy()In [53]: df2[df2 > 0] = -df2In [54]: df2Out[54]: A B C D F2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 -5 NaN2013-01-02 -1.212112 -0.173215 -0.119209 -5 -1.02013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 -5 -2.02013-01-04 -0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 -5 -3.02013-01-05 -0.424972 -0.567020 -0.276232 -5 -4.02013-01-06 -0.673690 -0.113648 -1.478427 -5 -5.0
四、 缺失值处理
在pandas中,使用np.nan来代替缺失值,这些值将默认不会包含在计算中,详情请参阅:Missing Data Section。
1、 reindex()方法可以对指定轴上的索引进行改变/增加/删除操作,这将返回原始数据的一个拷贝:
In [55]: df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ['E'])In [56]: df1.loc[dates[0]:dates[1],'E'] = 1In [57]: df1Out[57]: A B C D F E2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 5 NaN 1.02013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 5 1.0 1.02013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 5 2.0 NaN2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 5 3.0 NaN
2、 去掉包含缺失值的行:
In [58]: df1.dropna(how='any')Out[58]: A B C D F E2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 5 1.0 1.0
3、 对缺失值进行填充:
In [59]: df1.fillna(value=5)Out[59]: A B C D F E2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 5 5.0 1.02013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 5 1.0 1.02013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 5 2.0 5.02013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 5 3.0 5.0
4、 对数据进行布尔填充:
In [60]: pd.isna(df1)Out[60]: A B C D F E2013-01-01 False False False False True False2013-01-02 False False False False False False2013-01-03 False False False False False True2013-01-04 False False False False False True
五、相关操作
详情请参与 Basic Section On Binary Ops
(一) 统计(相关操作通常情况下不包括缺失值)
1、 执行描述性统计:
In [61]: df.mean()Out[61]: A -0.004474B -0.383981C -0.687758D 5.000000F 3.000000dtype: float64
2、 在其他轴上进行相同的操作:
In [62]: df.mean(1)Out[62]: 2013-01-01 0.8727352013-01-02 1.4316212013-01-03 0.7077312013-01-04 1.3950422013-01-05 1.8836562013-01-06 1.592306Freq: D, dtype: float64
3、 对于拥有不同维度,需要对齐的对象进行操作。Pandas会自动的沿着指定的维度进行广播:
In [63]: s = pd.Series([1,3,5,np.nan,6,8], index=dates).shift(2)In [64]: sOut[64]: 2013-01-01 NaN2013-01-02 NaN2013-01-03 1.02013-01-04 3.02013-01-05 5.02013-01-06 NaNFreq: D, dtype: float64In [65]: df.sub(s, axis='index')Out[65]: A B C D F2013-01-01 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN2013-01-02 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN2013-01-03 -1.861849 -3.104569 -1.494929 4.0 1.02013-01-04 -2.278445 -3.706771 -4.039575 2.0 0.02013-01-05 -5.424972 -4.432980 -4.723768 0.0 -1.02013-01-06 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
(二)应用
1、 对数据应用函数:
In [66]: df.apply(np.cumsum)Out[66]: A B C D F2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 5 NaN2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 -1.389850 10 1.02013-01-03 0.350263 -2.277784 -1.884779 15 3.02013-01-04 1.071818 -2.984555 -2.924354 20 6.02013-01-05 0.646846 -2.417535 -2.648122 25 10.02013-01-06 -0.026844 -2.303886 -4.126549 30 15.0In [67]: df.apply(lambda x: x.max() - x.min())Out[67]: A 2.073961B 2.671590C 1.785291D 0.000000F 4.000000dtype: float64
(三) 直方图
具体请参照:Histogramming and Discretization
In [68]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 7, size=10))In [69]: sOut[69]: 0 41 22 13 24 65 46 47 68 49 4dtype: int64In [70]: s.value_counts()Out[70]: 4 56 22 21 1dtype: int64
(四) 字符串方法
Series对象在其str属性中配备了一组字符串处理方法,可以很容易的应用到数组中的每个元素,如下段代码所示。更多详情请参考:Vectorized String Methods.
In [71]: s = pd.Series(['A', 'B', 'C', 'Aaba', 'Baca', np.nan, 'CABA', 'dog', 'cat'])In [72]: s.str.lower()Out[72]: 0 a1 b2 c3 aaba4 baca5 NaN6 caba7 dog8 catdtype: object
六、 合并
Pandas提供了大量的方法能够轻松的对Series,DataFrame和Panel对象进行各种符合各种逻辑关系的合并操作。具体请参阅:Merging section
(一) 连接
把一个字典插入表中形成新的一列:df['列名'][dict.keys()] = dict.values()
删除一列:del df['列名']
In [73]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))In [74]: dfOut[74]: 0 1 2 30 -0.548702 1.467327 -1.015962 -0.4830751 1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.7455052 -0.263952 0.991460 -0.919069 0.2660463 -0.709661 1.669052 1.037882 -1.7057754 -0.919854 -0.042379 1.247642 -0.0099205 0.290213 0.495767 0.362949 1.5481066 -1.131345 -0.089329 0.337863 -0.9458677 -0.932132 1.956030 0.017587 -0.0166928 -0.575247 0.254161 -1.143704 0.2158979 1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495# break it into piecesIn [75]: pieces = [df[:3], df[3:7], df[7:]]In [76]: pd.concat(pieces)Out[76]: 0 1 2 30 -0.548702 1.467327 -1.015962 -0.4830751 1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.7455052 -0.263952 0.991460 -0.919069 0.2660463 -0.709661 1.669052 1.037882 -1.7057754 -0.919854 -0.042379 1.247642 -0.0099205 0.290213 0.495767 0.362949 1.5481066 -1.131345 -0.089329 0.337863 -0.9458677 -0.932132 1.956030 0.017587 -0.0166928 -0.575247 0.254161 -1.143704 0.2158979 1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495
(二)连接
Join 类似于SQL类型的合并,具体请参阅:Database style joining
In [77]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'lval': [1, 2]})In [78]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'rval': [4, 5]})In [79]: leftOut[79]: key lval0 foo 11 foo 2In [80]: rightOut[80]: key rval0 foo 41 foo 5In [81]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')Out[81]: key lval rval0 foo 1 41 foo 1 52 foo 2 43 foo 2 5
另一个能够展示的例子:
In [82]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'lval': [1, 2]})In [83]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'rval': [4, 5]})In [84]: leftOut[84]: key lval0 foo 11 bar 2In [85]: rightOut[85]: key rval0 foo 41 bar 5In [86]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')Out[86]: key lval rval0 foo 1 41 bar 2 5
(三)附加
Append 将一行连接到一个DataFrame上,具体请参阅Appending:
In [87]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 4), columns=['A','B','C','D'])In [88]: dfOut[88]: A B C D0 1.346061 1.511763 1.627081 -0.9905821 -0.441652 1.211526 0.268520 0.0245802 -1.577585 0.396823 -0.105381 -0.5325323 1.453749 1.208843 -0.080952 -0.2646104 -0.727965 -0.589346 0.339969 -0.6932055 -0.339355 0.593616 0.884345 1.5914316 0.141809 0.220390 0.435589 0.1924517 -0.096701 0.803351 1.715071 -0.708758In [89]: s = df.iloc[3]In [90]: df.append(s, ignore_index=True)Out[90]: A B C D 0 1.346061 1.511763 1.627081 -0.990582 1 -0.441652 1.211526 0.268520 0.024580 2 -1.577585 0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532 3 1.453749 1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610 4 -0.727965 -0.589346 0.339969 -0.693205 5 -0.339355 0.593616 0.884345 1.591431 6 0.141809 0.220390 0.435589 0.192451 7 -0.096701 0.803351 1.715071 -0.708758 8 1.453749 1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
七、 分组
对于"group by"操作,我们通常是指以下一个或多个操作步骤:
l (Splitting)按照一些规则将数据分为不同的组;
l (Applying)对于每组数据分别执行一个函数;
l (Combining)将结果组合到一个数据结构中;
详情请参阅:Grouping section
In [91]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A' : ['foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar', ....: 'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo'], ....: 'B' : ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three', ....: 'two', 'two', 'one', 'three'], ....: 'C' : np.random.randn(8), ....: 'D' : np.random.randn(8)}) ....: In [92]: df Out[92]: A B C D 0 foo one -1.202872 -0.055224 1 bar one -1.814470 2.395985 2 foo two 1.018601 1.552825 3 bar three -0.595447 0.166599 4 foo two 1.395433 0.047609 5 bar two -0.392670 -0.136473 6 foo one 0.007207 -0.561757 7 foo three 1.928123 -1.623033
1、 分组并对每个分组执行sum函数:
In [93]: df.groupby('A').sum()Out[93]: C DA bar -2.802588 2.42611foo 3.146492 -0.63958
2、 通过多个列进行分组形成一个层次索引,然后执行函数:
In [94]: df.groupby(['A','B']).sum()Out[94]: C D A B bar one -1.814470 2.395985 three -0.595447 0.166599 two -0.392670 -0.136473 foo one -1.195665 -0.616981 three 1.928123 -1.623033 two 2.414034 1.600434
八、 重塑
详情请参阅 Hierarchical Indexing 和 Reshaping。
(一)栈
In [95]: tuples = list(zip(*[['bar', 'bar', 'baz', 'baz', ....: 'foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'], ....: ['one', 'two', 'one', 'two', ....: 'one', 'two', 'one', 'two']])) ....: In [96]: index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=['first', 'second'])In [97]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 2), index=index, columns=['A', 'B'])In [98]: df2 = df[:4]In [99]: df2Out[99]: A Bfirst second bar one 0.029399 -0.542108 two 0.282696 -0.087302baz one -1.575170 1.771208 two 0.816482 1.100230
stack()函数 "压缩" 数据桢的列一个级别.
In [100]: stacked = df2.stack()In [101]: stackedOut[101]: first second bar one A 0.029399 B -0.542108 two A 0.282696 B -0.087302baz one A -1.575170 B 1.771208 two A 0.816482 B 1.100230dtype: float64
被"堆叠"数据桢或序列(有多个索引作为索引), 其stack()的反向操作是unstack(), 上面的数据默认反堆叠到上一级别:
In [102]: stacked.unstack()Out[102]: A Bfirst second bar one 0.029399 -0.542108 two 0.282696 -0.087302baz one -1.575170 1.771208 two 0.816482 1.100230In [103]: stacked.unstack(1)Out[103]: second one twofirst bar A 0.029399 0.282696 B -0.542108 -0.087302baz A -1.575170 0.816482 B 1.771208 1.100230In [104]: stacked.unstack(0)Out[104]: first bar bazsecond one A 0.029399 -1.575170 B -0.542108 1.771208two A 0.282696 0.816482 B -0.087302 1.100230
(二)数据透视表,详情请参阅:Pivot Tables.
In [105]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A' : ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three'] * 3, .....: 'B' : ['A', 'B', 'C'] * 4, .....: 'C' : ['foo', 'foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar', 'bar'] * 2, .....: 'D' : np.random.randn(12), .....: 'E' : np.random.randn(12)}) .....: In [106]: dfOut[106]: A B C D E 0 one A foo 1.418757 -0.179666 1 one B foo -1.879024 1.291836 2 two C foo 0.536826 -0.009614 3 three A bar 1.006160 0.392149 4 one B bar -0.029716 0.264599 5 one C bar -1.146178 -0.057409 6 two A foo 0.100900 -1.425638 7 three B foo -1.035018 1.024098 8 one C foo 0.314665 -0.106062 9 one A bar -0.773723 1.824375 10 two B bar -1.170653 0.595974 11 three C bar 0.648740 1.167115
可以从这个数据中轻松的生成数据透视表:
In [107]: pd.pivot_table(df, values='D', index=['A', 'B'], columns=['C'])Out[107]: C bar foo A B one A -0.773723 1.418757 B -0.029716 -1.879024 C -1.146178 0.314665 three A 1.006160 NaN B NaN -1.035018 C 0.648740 NaN two A NaN 0.100900 B -1.170653 NaN C NaN 0.536826
九、时间序列
pandas有易用,强大且高效的函数用于高频数据重采样转换操作(例如,转换秒数据到5分钟数据), 这是很普遍的情况,但并不局限于金融应用, 请参阅时间序列章节
In [108]: rng = pd.date_range('1/1/2012', periods=100, freq='S')In [109]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 500, len(rng)), index=rng)In [110]: ts.resample('5Min').sum()Out[110]: 2012-01-01 25083Freq: 5T, dtype: int64
时区表示
In [111]: rng = pd.date_range('3/6/2012 00:00', periods=5, freq='D')In [112]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), rng)In [113]: tsOut[113]: 2012-03-06 0.464000 2012-03-07 0.227371 2012-03-08 -0.496922 2012-03-09 0.306389 2012-03-10 -2.290613 Freq: D, dtype: float64 In [114]: ts_utc = ts.tz_localize('UTC') In [115]: ts_utc Out[115]: 2012-03-06 00:00:00+00:00 0.464000 2012-03-07 00:00:00+00:00 0.227371 2012-03-08 00:00:00+00:00 -0.496922 2012-03-09 00:00:00+00:00 0.306389 2012-03-10 00:00:00+00:00 -2.290613 Freq: D, dtype: float64
转换到其它时区
In [116]: ts_utc.tz_convert('US/Eastern')Out[116]:2012-03-05 19:00:00-05:00 0.4640002012-03-06 19:00:00-05:00 0.2273712012-03-07 19:00:00-05:00 -0.4969222012-03-08 19:00:00-05:00 0.3063892012-03-09 19:00:00-05:00 -2.290613Freq: D, dtype: float64
转换不同的时间跨度
In [117]: rng = pd.date_range('1/1/2012', periods=5, freq='M')In [118]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), index=rng)In [119]: tsOut[119]: 2012-01-31 -1.1346232012-02-29 -1.5618192012-03-31 -0.2608382012-04-30 0.2819572012-05-31 1.523962Freq: M, dtype: float64In [120]: ps = ts.to_period()In [121]: psOut[121]: 2012-01 -1.1346232012-02 -1.5618192012-03 -0.2608382012-04 0.2819572012-05 1.523962Freq: M, dtype: float64In [122]: ps.to_timestamp()Out[122]: 2012-01-01 -1.1346232012-02-01 -1.5618192012-03-01 -0.2608382012-04-01 0.2819572012-05-01 1.523962Freq: MS, dtype: float64
转换时段并且使用一些运算函数, 下例中, 我们转换年报11月到季度结束每日上午9点数据
In [123]: prng = pd.period_range('1990Q1', '2000Q4', freq='Q-NOV')In [124]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(prng)), prng)In [125]: ts.index = (prng.asfreq('M', 'e') + 1).asfreq('H', 's') + 9In [126]: ts.head()Out[126]: 1990-03-01 09:00 -0.9029371990-06-01 09:00 0.0681591990-09-01 09:00 -0.0578731990-12-01 09:00 -0.3682041991-03-01 09:00 -1.144073Freq: H, dtype: float64
十、分类
从0.15版本开始,pandas可以在DataFrame中支持Categorical类型的数据,详细 介绍参看:categorical introduction和API documentation。
In [127]: df = pd.DataFrame({"id":[1,2,3,4,5,6], "raw_grade":['a', 'b', 'b', 'a', 'a', 'e']})
1、 将原始的grade转换为Categorical数据类型:
In [128]: df["grade"] = df["raw_grade"].astype("category")In [129]: df["grade"]Out[129]: 0 a1 b2 b3 a4 a5 eName: grade, dtype: categoryCategories (3, object): [a, b, e]
2、 将Categorical类型数据重命名为更有意义的名称:
In [130]: df["grade"].cat.categories = ["very good", "good", "very bad"]
3、 对类别进行重新排序,增加缺失的类别:
In [131]: df["grade"] = df["grade"].cat.set_categories(["very bad", "bad", "medium", "good", "very good"])In [132]: df["grade"]Out[132]: 0 very good1 good2 good3 very good4 very good5 very badName: grade, dtype: categoryCategories (5, object): [very bad, bad, medium, good, very good]4、 排序是按照Categorical的顺序进行的而不是按照字典顺序进行:
In [133]: df.sort_values(by="grade")Out[133]: id raw_grade grade5 6 e very bad1 2 b good2 3 b good0 1 a very good3 4 a very good4 5 a very good
5、 对Categorical列进行排序时存在空的类别:
In [134]: df.groupby("grade").size()Out[134]: gradevery bad 1bad 0medium 0good 2very good 3dtype: int64
十一、 画图
具体文档参看:Plotting docs
In [135]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000), index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000))In [136]: ts = ts.cumsum()In [137]: ts.plot()Out[137]:
对于DataFrame来说,plot是一种将所有列及其标签进行绘制的简便方法:
In [138]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4), index=ts.index, .....: columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']) .....: In [139]: df = df.cumsum()In [140]: plt.figure(); df.plot(); plt.legend(loc='best')Out[140]:
十二、 导入和保存数据
(一) CSV,参考:Writing to a csv file
1、 写入csv文件:
In [141]: df.to_csv('foo.csv')
2、 从csv文件中读取:
In [142]: pd.read_csv('foo.csv')Out[142]: Unnamed: 0 A B C D0 2000-01-01 0.266457 -0.399641 -0.219582 1.1868601 2000-01-02 -1.170732 -0.345873 1.653061 -0.2829532 2000-01-03 -1.734933 0.530468 2.060811 -0.5155363 2000-01-04 -1.555121 1.452620 0.239859 -1.1568964 2000-01-05 0.578117 0.511371 0.103552 -2.4282025 2000-01-06 0.478344 0.449933 -0.741620 -1.9624096 2000-01-07 1.235339 -0.091757 -1.543861 -1.084753.. ... ... ... ... ...993 2002-09-20 -10.628548 -9.153563 -7.883146 28.313940994 2002-09-21 -10.390377 -8.727491 -6.399645 30.914107995 2002-09-22 -8.985362 -8.485624 -4.669462 31.367740996 2002-09-23 -9.558560 -8.781216 -4.499815 30.518439997 2002-09-24 -9.902058 -9.340490 -4.386639 30.105593998 2002-09-25 -10.216020 -9.480682 -3.933802 29.758560999 2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025 29.369368[1000 rows x 5 columns]
(二)HDF5,参考:HDFStores
1、 写入HDF5存储:
In [143]: df.to_hdf('foo.h6','df')
2、 从HDF5存储中读取:
In [144]: pd.read_hdf('foo.h6','df')Out[144]: A B C D 2000-01-01 0.266457 -0.399641 -0.219582 1.186860 2000-01-02 -1.170732 -0.345873 1.653061 -0.282953 2000-01-03 -1.734933 0.530468 2.060811 -0.515536 2000-01-04 -1.555121 1.452620 0.239859 -1.156896 2000-01-05 0.578117 0.511371 0.103552 -2.428202 2000-01-06 0.478344 0.449933 -0.741620 -1.962409 2000-01-07 1.235339 -0.091757 -1.543861 -1.084753 ... ... ... ... ... 2002-09-20 -10.628548 -9.153563 -7.883146 28.313940 2002-09-21 -10.390377 -8.727491 -6.399645 30.914107 2002-09-22 -8.985362 -8.485624 -4.669462 31.367740 2002-09-23 -9.558560 -8.781216 -4.499815 30.518439 2002-09-24 -9.902058 -9.340490 -4.386639 30.105593 2002-09-25 -10.216020 -9.480682 -3.933802 29.758560 2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025 29.369368 [1000 rows x 4 columns]
(三)Excel,参考:MS Excel
1、 写入excel文件:
In [145]: df.to_excel('foo.xlsx', sheet_name='Sheet1')
2、 从excel文件中读取:
In [146]: pd.read_excel('foo.xlsx', 'Sheet1', index_col=None, na_values=['NA'])Out[146]: A B C D2000-01-01 0.266457 -0.399641 -0.219582 1.1868602000-01-02 -1.170732 -0.345873 1.653061 -0.2829532000-01-03 -1.734933 0.530468 2.060811 -0.5155362000-01-04 -1.555121 1.452620 0.239859 -1.1568962000-01-05 0.578117 0.511371 0.103552 -2.4282022000-01-06 0.478344 0.449933 -0.741620 -1.9624092000-01-07 1.235339 -0.091757 -1.543861 -1.084753... ... ... ... ...2002-09-20 -10.628548 -9.153563 -7.883146 28.3139402002-09-21 -10.390377 -8.727491 -6.399645 30.9141072002-09-22 -8.985362 -8.485624 -4.669462 31.3677402002-09-23 -9.558560 -8.781216 -4.499815 30.5184392002-09-24 -9.902058 -9.340490 -4.386639 30.1055932002-09-25 -10.216020 -9.480682 -3.933802 29.7585602002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025 29.369368[1000 rows x 4 columns]